Notes for UPSC-IMPORTANT REFORMS/Acts

7. Reforms/Acts

Nomenclature of the Reforms/Acts	Year	During the term of	Significance
Prohibition of Sati & Female infanticide	1829	Lord William Bentick	Supported by Raja Rammohun Roy.
Doctrine of Lapse	1848	Lord Dalhousie	Adoption of sons by rulers in the absence of their natural heirs was banned.
Indian Councils Act	1861	Lord Canning	Envisaged association of Indians with the administration at higher level.
Ilbert Bill	1883	Lord Ripon	To bring Indian and European magistracy on equal footing.
Indian Councils Act	1892	Lord Lansdown	Membership of central legislative councils was enlarged.
Morely-Minto Reforms	1909	Lord Minto II	Separate electroates to widen the gulf between Hindus & Muslims.
Dyarchy	1919	L. Chelmsford	Meaning dual system of Govt.
JaIlianwala Bagh Massacre	1919	L. Chelmsford	Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar by General Dyer
Rowlatt Act	1919	L. Chelmsford	Extraordinary powers were given to suppress the freedom struggle with General Dyer as the Commandant.
Simon commission	1928	Lord Irwin	To report working of the reforms; recommended dyarchy in provinces; India to be constituted as a federation and Indianization of armed forces.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact	1931	Lord Irwin	Congress called off the agitation and agreed to participate in the Second Round Table Conference.
Communal Award	1932	Lord Willingdon	Envisaged communal representation for depressed classes besides Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs.
Separate electrorates	1932	Lord Willingdon	(See Communal Award)
Government of India Act	1935	Lord Willingdon	Provided for a federal type of constitution.
Cripps Mission	1942	Lord Linlithgow	Proposed Dominion status for India after the Second World War.
INA Trial	1945	Lord Wavell	INA prisoners of war were trialed at Red Fort, Delhi and Bhulabhai Desai defended them.
Wavell Plan	1945	Lord Wavell	Envisaged constitution of executive council in such a way as to give representation to all major communities in India.
Cabinet Mission Plan	1946	Lord Wavell	Envisaged establishment of Constituent Assembly to frame the Constitution.
Mountbatten Plan	1947	L. Mountbatten	Partition Plan
Indian lndependence Act	1947	L. Mountbatten	India partitioned and attained independence.

Notes for UPSC-The Advent of the Europeans

13. The Advent of the Europeans

                                          

                     Image-The Advent of the Europeans

Note : Danish company were forced to sell all their settlements in India to the British in 1845.

Portugese

1. The Cape route was discovered from Europe to India by Vasco da Gama. He reached the port of Calicut on May 17,1498 and was received by the Hindu ruler of Calicut (Known by the title of Zamorin).
2. This led to the establishment of trading stations at Calicut, Cochin and Cannanore.
3. Cochin was the early capital of the Portuguese in India. Later Goa replaced it.
4. Francisco de Almeida was the first governor of Portuguese. Almeida (1505-09) introduced 'the policy of Blue water'.
5. Alfonso d‘Albuquerque was the second governor of Portuguese. Albuquerque (1509-15) introduced 'the policy of Imperialism'. He captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur in 1510.
6. Nino da Cunha (1529-38) transferred his capital from Cochin to Goa (1530) and acquired Diu and Bassein (1534) from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.
7. Martin Alfonso de Souza (1542-45) : The famous Jesuit Saint Fransisco Xavier arrived in India with him.
8. The Portuguese power witnessed a decline by the end of the 16th century.
9. They lost Hugli in 1631 after being driven out by Qasim khan, a Mughal noble of Shahjahan.
10. In 1661 the King of Portugal gave Bombay to Charles II of England as dowry when he married the former's sister.
11. The Marathas captured Salsette and Bassein in 1739.
12. In the end they were left only with Goa, Diu and Daman which they retained till 1961.

Dutch

1. Formation of the company in March, 1602, by a charter of Dutch parliyament the Dutch East India Company was formed with powers to make wars, conclude treaties, acquire territories and build fortresses.
2. The Dutch set up factories at Masulipattam (1605), Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616), Bimilipatam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, Negapatam (all in 1658) and Cochin (1663).
3. The Dutch replaced the Portuguese as the most dominant power in European trade with the East, including India.
4. Pulicat was main centre in India till 1690, after which Negapatam replaced it.
5. The Dutch conceded to English after their defeat in the battle of Bedera in 1759.

English

1. Before the English East India Company established trade in India, John Mildenhall, a merchant adventurer, was the first English man who arrived in India in 1599 by the over land route, ostensibly for the purpose of trade with Indian merchants.
2. The treaty of Pondicherry / Treaty by Godehu (new French governor in place of Dupleix) : 1754-ended the Second Anglo-French War.
3. Third Anglo-French war (1758-63) : French Count de Lally captured Fort St. David. French were defeated at Wandiwash (1760). It was a decisive defeat of French.
4. The treaty of Paris (1763) ended the Third and Final Anglo-French war in India. Pondicherry was returned to French by this treaty.

Notes for UPSC- Sources of the Indian Constitution

Different sources of the Indian Constitution

              Although the skeleton of the Constitution was derived from the GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1935,many provisions Were imported from other Constitution of world. Some of them are listed  Along with the Government of India Act, 1935:

          

               

             PICTURE 1-Different sources of the Indian Constitution OF HAND WRITTEN NOTES. 

1.Government of India Act, 1935:-

              This act formed the basis or blueprint of the constitution of India with features of federal system, office of Governor, emergency powers etc. Besides the Constitution of India has borrowed from the-

2.Constitution of Britain (U.K.) :-

               Law making procedures, Rule of law, single citizenship, Bi-cameral Parliamentary System, office of CAG. 

3.Constitution of America (U.S.A.) :-

             Independence of Judiciary, judicial review, fundamental rights, removal of supreme Court and High  Judges, preamble and functions of president and vice-president. 

4.Constitution of Canada:-

             Federation with strong centre to provide reresiduary powers to the central, Supreme Court's advisory jurisdiction. 

5.Constitution of Ireland:-

             Directive principles of state policy, methods of presidential elections, and the nomination of members to Rajya sabha by the President. 

6.Weimar Constitution of  Germany:-

             Provisions concerning the suspension of fundamental rights during emergency. 

7.Constitution of Australia:-

             Idea, of concurrent list, trade and commerce provisions. 

       

       PICTURE 2-1-Different sources of the Indian Constitution OF HAND WRITTEN NOTES. 

8.Constitution of South Africa:-

              Amendment with 2/3rd majority in Parliament and election of the members of Rajya sabha on the basis of proportional representation. 

9.Constitution of France:-

              Republican system/principles of liberty, Equality and fraternity. 

10.Constitution of former U.S.S.R.:-

             Fundamental duties, Ideals of justice in preamble.